Vol. 9 No. 2 (2025)
Peer Reviewed Articles

The Role of Medicine for the Alleviation of Resource Scarcity: Towards a ‘Consumption and Production Medicine’ Framework

PDF
  • Anastasia Pseiridis
Anastasia Pseiridis
Panteion University, Athens
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3197/whpjps.63887831800450

Published 2025-08-29

Keywords

  • preventive medicine,
  • reversive medicine,
  • lifestyle medicine,
  • resource scarcity,
  • population health,
  • negative externalities,
  • environmental externalities,
  • production and consumption,
  • sustainability,
  • SDG12,
  • planetary boundaries,
  • ecological footprint
    • ...More
    Less

How to Cite

Pseiridis, Anastasia. 2025. “The Role of Medicine for the Alleviation of Resource Scarcity: Towards a ‘Consumption and Production Medicine’ Framework”. The Journal of Population and Sustainability 9 (2):49-97. https://doi.org/10.3197/whpjps.63887831800450.

Copyright (c) 2025 Anastasia Pseiridis

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Crossref
Scopus
Google Scholar
Europe PMC

Abstract

Despite technological progress, humanity suffers from (at least) two ills: it operates beyond planetary biophysical limits and continues to face unmet needs. This paper explores the intersection of medicine, economic wellbeing and ecological sustainability in the context of global resource scarcity. A conceptual classification of resource use – reasonable, wasteful, and negative externality-induced – is introduced to better understand the consumption and production forces shaping resource scarcity. Then I explore how medicine focused on prevention and reversal can reduce resource scarcity: by shifting consumption patterns toward healthier and more sustainable lifestyles, it both augments the human and non-human resource base of the economy and reduces demand for resource-intensive and environmentally damaging uses. Thus, it is concluded that Preventive and Reversive Medicine is a powerful (albeit unacknowledged) extant technology that simultaneously reduces resource scarcity and increases well-being and, critically, contributes to the disassociation of human well-being from environmental impact. The (wanted) side-effect of this process is more leeway for the global economy to provide a good life to all within planetary limits. This, I suggest, is essentially the ‘Consumption and Production Medicine’ that humanity needs.

PDF

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

  1. Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee. 2018. 2018 Physical Activity Guidelines Advisory Committee Scientific Report. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services.
  2. Abdelhamid, A.S., T.J. Brown, J.S. Brainard, P. Biswas, G.C. Thorpe, H.J. Moore, K.H. Deane, C.D. Summerbell, H.V. Worthington, F. Song and L. Hooper. 2020. ‘Omega-3 fatty acids for the primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease’. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (3): https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub5
  3. Ahmann, E., M. Saviet, L. Conboy, K. Smith, B. Iachini and R. DeMartin. 2024. ‘Health and wellness coaching and sustained gains: A rapid systematic review’. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 18 (2): 162–80. https://doi.org/10.1177/15598276231180117
  4. Banerjee, S. 2025. ‘Meat taxes are inevitable, yet we seem to shy away from them. But why?’ Food Policy 130: 102787. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2024.102787
  5. Barnosky, A.D., P.R. Ehrlich and E.A. Hadly. 2016. ‘Avoiding collapse: Grand challenges for science and society to solve by 2050’. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene 4: 000094. https://doi.org/10.12952/journal.elementa.000094
  6. Becker, S. and J. Fanzo. 2023. ‘Population and food systems: what does the future hold?’ Population and Environment 45 (3): 20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11111-023-00431-6
  7. Behrens, P., and M. Hayek. 2024. ‘Academics requesting retraction of FAO report that misrepresents their research’ Online at https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/science/environmental-sciences/research/food (accessed 19 April 2024).
  8. Behrens, P., J.C. Kiefte-de Jong, T. Bosker, J.F.D. Rodrigues, A. Koning and A.Tukker. 2017. ‘Evaluating the environmental impacts of dietary recommendations’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114 (51): 13412–17. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1711889114
  9. Bilal, A. and D.R. Känzig. 2024. ‘The macroeconomic impact of climate change: Global vs local temperature’. NBER Working Paper Series Working Paper 32450.
  10. Bithas, K. and P. Kalimeris. 2022. ‘Coupling versus decoupling? Challenging evidence over the link between economic growth and resource use’. Sustainability 14 (3): 1459. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14031459
  11. Bodai, B.I., T.E. Nakata, W.T. Wong, D.R. Clark, S.Lawenda, C. Tsou, R. Liu, L. Shiue, N. Cooper, M. Rehbein, B.P. Ha, A. McKeirnan, R. Misquitta, P. Vij, A. Klonecke, C.S. Mejia, E. Dionysian, S. Hashmi, M. Greger, S. Stoll and T.M. Campbell,. 2018. ‘Lifestyle medicine: A brief review of its dramatic impact on health and survival’. The Permanente Journal 22 (1): 17–25. https://doi.org/10.7812/TPP/17-025
  12. Bradshaw, C.J.A., P.R. Ehrlich, A. Beattie, G. Ceballos, E. Crist, J. Diamond, R. Dirzo, A.H. Ehrlich, J. Harte, M.E. Harte, G. Pyke, P.H. Raven, W.J. Ripple, F. Saltré, C. Turnbull, M. Wackernagel and D.T. Blumstein. 2021. ‘Underestimating the challenges of avoiding a ghastly future’. Frontiers in Conservation Science 1. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcosc.2020.615419
  13. Brand, C., T. Götschi, E. Dons, R. Gerike, E. Anaya-Boig, I. Avila-Palencia, A. de Nazelle, M. Gascon, M. Gaupp-Berghausen, F. Iacorossi, S. Kahlmeier, L. Int Panis, F. Racioppi, D. Rojas-Rueda, A. Standaert, E. Stigell, S. Sulikova, S. Wegener and M.J. Nieuwenhuijsen. 2021. ‘The climate change mitigation impacts of active travel: Evidence from a longitudinal panel study in seven European cities’. Global Environmental Change 67: 102224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2021.102224
  14. Broeks, M.J., S. Biesbroek, E.A.B. Over, P.F. van Gils, I. Toxopeus, M.H. Beukers and E.H.M. Temme. 2020. ‘A social cost-benefit analysis of meat taxation and a fruit and vegetables subsidy for a healthy and sustainable food consumption in the Netherlands’. BMC Public Health 20: 643. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-08590-z
  15. Cafaro, P. 2022. ‘Reducing human numbers and the size of our economies is necessary to avoid a mass extinction and share earth justly with other species’. Philosophia 50 (5): 2263–82. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11406-022-00497-w
  16. Campbell, T.C. 2021. ‘Nutrition and medicine: Are they connected?’ American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 15 (5): 495–97. https://doi.org/10.1177/15598276211008376
  17. Campbell, T.C. and N. Disla. 2020. The Future of Nutrition: An Insider’s Look at the Science, Why We Keep Getting It Wrong, and How to Start Getting It Right. Dallas, TX: BenBella Books, Inc.
  18. Campbell, T.C., C. Junshi, T. Brun, B. Parpia, Q.Yinsheng, C. Chumming and C. Geissler. 1992. ‘China: From diseases of poverty to diseases of affluence. policy implications of the epidemiological transition’. Ecology of Food and Nutrition 27 (2): 133–44. https://doi.org/10.1080/03670244.1992.9991235
  19. Ceballos, G. and P.R. Ehrlich. 2023. ‘Mutilation of the tree of life via mass extinction of animal genera’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 120 (39): e2306987120. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2306987120
  20. Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (cms.gov). 2010. NCA – Intensive Cardiac Rehabilitation (ICR) Program – Dr. Ornish’s Program for Reversing Heart Disease (CAG-00419N) – Decision Memo.
  21. Conrad, Z., A.L. Thorne-Lyman, S. Wu, C. DiStaso, M. Korol and D.C. Love. 2024. ‘Are healthier diets more sustainable? A cross-sectional assessment of 8 diet quality indexes and 7 sustainability metrics’. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2024.11.027
  22. Costanza, R., J.H. Cumberland, H. Daly, R. Goodland, R.B. Norgaard,, I. Kubiszewski and C. Franco. 2015. An Introduction to Ecological Economics. Second edition Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group.
  23. Daily, G.C., A.H. Ehrlich and P.R. Ehrlich. 1994. ‘Optimum human population size’. Population and Environment 15 (6): 469–75. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02211719
  24. Daly, H.E. 1980. Economics, Ecology, Ethics: Essays Toward a Steady-state Economy. Freeman: San Francisco.
  25. Daly, H.E. 2019. ‘Growthism: its ecological, economic and ethical limits’. Real World Economics Review (87): 9–22.
  26. Dasgupta, P. 2021. Final Report – The Economics of Biodiversity: The Dasgupta Review. HM Treasury, 2 Feb.
  27. Dasgupta, P., A. Dasgupta and S. Barrett. 2021. ‘Population, ecological footprint and the Sustainable Development Goals’. Environmental and Resource Economics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10640-021-00595-5
  28. Delipalla, S., K. Koronaiou, J.A. Al-Lawati, M. Sayed, A. Alwadey, E.F. AlAlawi, K. Almutawaa, A.H.J. Hussain, W. Al-Maidoor and Y.M. Al-Farsi. 2022. ‘The introduction of tobacco excise taxation in the Gulf Cooperation Council Countries: a step in the right direction of advancing public health’. BMC Public Health 22 (1): 737. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13190-0
  29. Devries, S., A. Agatston, M. Aggarwal, K.E. Aspry, C.B. Esselstyn, P. Kris-Etherton, M. Miller, J.H. O’Keefe, E. Ros, A.K. Rzeszut, B.A. White, K.A. Williams and A.M. Freeman. 2017. ‘A deficiency of nutrition education and practice in cardiology’. The American Journal of Medicine 130 (11): 1298–305. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.04.043
  30. Devries, S., J.E. Dalen, D.M. Eisenberg, V. Maizes, D. Ornish, A. Prasad, V. Sierpina, A.T. Weil and W. Willett. 2014. ‘A deficiency of nutrition education in medical training’. The American Journal of Medicine 127 (9): 804–06. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.04.003
  31. Dworatzek, P., E. Miller, K. Lo, E. Howarth and S. Kazubowski-Houston. 2024. National Ecological Footprint and Biocapacity Accounts, 2024 Edition. (Version 1.0). [Data set and metadata]. Produced for Footprint Data Foundation by York University Ecological Footprint Initiative in partnership with Global Footprint Network. https://footprint.info.yorku.ca/data/.
  32. Edington, D.W., W.N. Burton and A.B. Schultz. 2020. ‘Health and economics of lifestyle medicine strategies’. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 14 (3): 274–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827620905782
  33. Ehrlich, P.R. and J. Harte. 2015. ‘Food security requires a new revolution’. International Journal of Environmental Studies 72 (6): 908–20. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2015.1067468
  34. European Commission. 2024. 2024 Aging Report: Economic and budgetary projections for the EU member states (2020–2070). European economy Institutional paper, no. 279 (April 2024). Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union.
  35. Fanning, A.L., D.W. O’Neill, J. Hickel and N. Roux. 2022. ‘The social shortfall and ecological overshoot of nations’. Nature Sustainability 5 (1): 26–36. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-021-00799-z
  36. FAOSTAT. 2024. Food Balances (2010-), 19 July 2024 update.
  37. Ferguson, A.R. 2005. ‘Intractable limits to a sustainable human population’. Medicine, Conflict and Survival 21 (2): 142–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/13623690500073463
  38. Fremstad, A., and M. Paul. 2019. ‘The impact of a carbon tax on inequality’. Ecological Economics 163: 88–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2019.04.016
  39. Gerten, D., V. Heck, J. Jägermeyr, B.L. Bodirsky, I. Fetzer, M. Jalava, M. Kummu, W. Lucht, J. Rockström, S. Schaphoff and H.J. Schellnhuber. 2020. ‘Feeding ten billion people is possible within four terrestrial planetary boundaries’. Nature Sustainability 3 (3): 200–08. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0465-1
  40. Glick, D.R., S.A. Abariga, I. Thomas, A.G. Shipper, B.C. Gunia, M.A. Grandner, E. Rosenberg, S.E. Hines, V. Capaldi, J. Collen and E.M. Wickwire. 2023. ‘Economic impact of insufficient and disturbed sleep in the workplace’. PharmacoEconomics 41 (7): 771–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40273-023-01249-8
  41. Golombek, D.A., H. Eyre, I. Spiousas, L.P. Casiraghi, K.M. Hartikainen, T. Partonen, M. Pyykkö, C.F. Reynolds, W.M. Hynes, C.L.A. Bassetti, M. Berk, K. Hu and A. Ibañez.2025. ‘Sleep capital: Linking brain health to wellbeing and economic productivity across the lifespan’. The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry 33 (1): 92–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2024.07.011
  42. Grandey, B.S., J. Dauwels, Z.Y. Koh, B.P. Horton and L.Y. Chew. 2024. ‘Fusion of probabilistic projections of sea-level rise’. Earth’s Future 12 (12): e2024EF005295.https://doi.org/10.1029/2024EF005295
  43. Haddad, B.M. and B.D. Solomon. 2023. Dictionary of Ecological Economics: Terms for the New Millennium. Cheltenham, UK Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing.
  44. Hallström, E., Q. Gee, P. Scarborough and D.A. Cleveland. 2017. ‘A healthier US diet could reduce greenhouse gas emissions from both the food and health care systems’. Climatic Change 142 (1): 199–212. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-1912-5
  45. Hickel, J., and D. Sullivan. 2024. ‘How much growth is required to achieve good lives for all? Insights from needs-based analysis’. World Development Perspectives 35: 100612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wdp.2024.100612
  46. Hofmann, B. 2024. ‘Moral obligations towards human persons’ wellbeing versus their suffering: An analysis of perspectives of moral philosophy’. Health Policy 142: 105031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2024.105031
  47. Hughes, T. 2024. ‘The physician’s role in mitigating the climate crisis’. Future Healthcare Journal 11 (4): 100173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fhj.2024.100173
  48. Hyman, S., J. Acevedo, C. Giannarelli and L. Trasande. 2025. ‘Phthalate exposure from plastics and cardiovascular disease: global estimates of attributable mortality and years of life lost’. eBioMedicine 105730. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2025.105730
  49. Jansen, A., R. Wang, P. Behrens and R. Hoekstra. 2024. ‘Beyond GDP: a review and conceptual framework for measuring sustainable and inclusive wellbeing’. The Lancet Planetary Health 8 (9): e695–e705. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00147-5
  50. Jones, G. 2018. The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics. Third edition. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
  51. Kalimeris, P. 2018. ‘Ecce Homo-Economicus? The Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hide syndrome of the economic man in the context of natural resources scarcity and environmental externalities’. Journal of Philosophical Economics: Reflections on Economic and Social Issues XII (1): https://doi.org/10.46298/jpe.10717
  52. Kallis, G., J. Hickel, D.W. O’Neill, T. Jackson, P.A. Victor, K. Raworth, K., J.B. Schor, J.K. Steinberger and D. Ürge-Vorsatz. 2025. ‘Post-growth: the science of wellbeing within planetary boundaries’. The Lancet Planetary Health 9 (1): e62–e78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00310-3
  53. Keesing, F. and R.S. Ostfeld. 2021. ‘Impacts of biodiversity and biodiversity loss on zoonotic diseases’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118 (17): e2023540118. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2023540118
  54. Kotz, M., A. Levermann and L. Wenz. 2024. ‘The economic commitment of climate change’. Nature 628 (8008): 551–57. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-07219-0
  55. Lade, S.J., W. Steffen, W. de Vries, S.R. Carpenter, J.F. Donges, D. Gerten, H. Hoff, T. Newbold, K. Richardson and J. Rockström. 2020. ‘Human impacts on planetary boundaries amplified by Earth system interactions’. Nature Sustainability 3 (2): 119–28. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-019-0454-4
  56. Lebreton, L. and A. Andrady. 2019. ‘Future scenarios of global plastic waste generation and disposal’. Palgrave Communications 5 (1): 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-018-0212-7
  57. Li, Y., O. He, Y. Shan, Y. Li, Y. Hang, S. Shao, F. Ruzzenenti and K. Hubacek. 2024. ‘Reducing climate change impacts from the global food system through diet shifts’. Nature Climate Change 14 (9): 943–53. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-02084-1
  58. Li, Y., J. Schoufour, D.D. Wang, K. Dhana, A. Pan, X. Liu, M. Song, G. Liu, H.J. Shin, Q. Sun, L. Al-Shaar, M. Wang, E.B. Rimm, E. Hertzmark, M.J. Stampfer, W.C. Willett, O.H. Franco and F.B. Hu. 2020. ‘Healthy lifestyle and life expectancy free of cancer, cardiovascular disease, and type 2 diabetes: prospective cohort study’. BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 368: l6669. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.l6669
  59. Lianos, T.P. 2016. ‘Aristotle on population size’. History of Economic Ideas XXIV (2): 11–26.
  60. Lianos, T.P. and A. Pseiridis. 2016. ‘Sustainable welfare and optimum population size’. Environment, Development and Sustainability 18 (6): 1679–99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-015-9711-5
  61. Lianos, T.P. and A. Pseiridis. 2021. ‘Adjusting GDP for ecological deficit: the Index of Debt to the Future (IDF)’. SN Business & Economics 1 (3): 42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43546-021-00041-0
  62. Ling, A.L. 2024. ‘Estimated scale of costs to remove PFAS from the environment at current emission rates’. Science of The Total Environment 918: 170647. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170647
  63. Lippman, D., M. Stump, E. Veazey, S.T. Guimarães, R. Rosenfeld, J.H. Kelly, D. Ornish and D.L. Katz. 2024. ‘Foundations of lifestyle medicine and its evolution’. Mayo Clinic Proceedings: Innovations, Quality & Outcomes 8 (1): 97–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mayocpiqo.2023.11.004
  64. Livingston, K.A., K.J. Freeman, S.M. Friedman, R.W. Stout, L.S. Lianov, D. Drozek, J. Shallow, D. Shurney, P.M. Patel, T.M. Campbell, K.R. Pauly, K.J. Pollard, and M.C. Karlsen. 2021. ‘Lifestyle medicine and economics: A proposal for research priorities informed by a case series of disease reversal’. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (21): 11364. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182111364
  65. Luby, S.P., J.E. Forsyth, Z. Fatmi, M. Rahman, J. Sultana, E.L. Plambeck, N.G. Miller, E. Bendavid, P.J. Winch, H. Hu, B. Lanphear and P.J. Landrigan. 2024. ‘Removing lead from the global economy’. The Lancet Planetary Health 8 (11): e966–e972. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(24)00244-4
  66. Merz, J.J., P. Barnard, W.E. Rees, D. Smith, M. Maroni, C.J. Rhodes, J.H. Dederer, N. Bajaj, M.K. Joy, T. Wiedmann and R. Sutherland. 2023. ‘World scientists’ warning: The behavioural crisis driving ecological overshoot’. Science Progress 106 (3): 00368504231201372. https://doi.org/10.1177/00368504231201372
  67. Morton, D.P. 2018. ‘Combining lifestyle medicine and positive psychology to improve mental health and emotional well-being’. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine 12 (5): 370–74. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827618766482
  68. Mozaffarian, D., K.S. Rogoff and D.S. Ludwig. 2014. ‘The real cost of food: Can taxes and subsidies improve public health?’ JAMA 312 (9): 889. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.8232
  69. Musicus, A.A., D.D. Wang, M. Janiszewski, G. Eshel, S.A. Blondin, W. Willett, and M.J. Stampfer. 2022. ‘Health and environmental impacts of plant-rich dietary patterns: a US prospective cohort study’. The Lancet Planetary Health 6 (11): e892–e900. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(22)00243-1
  70. Nektarios, M., Z. Valvis and T. Georgiadis. 2025. ‘A methodology for estimating the demand for long-term care in hours: The baseline scenario for Greece’. Journal of Long Term Care: 194–207. https://doi.org/10.31389/jltc.402
  71. O’Donnell, O. 2024. ‘Health and health system effects on poverty: A narrative review of global evidence’. Health Policy 142: 105018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2024.105018
  72. O’Neill, D.W., A.L. Fanning, W.F. Lamb and J.K. Steinberger. 2018. ‘A good life for all within planetary boundaries’. Nature Sustainability 1 (2): 88–95. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-018-0021-4
  73. Papadaki, A., E.M. Coy, D.A. Anastasilakis, N. Peradze and C.S. Mantzoros. 2024. ‘The role of plant-based dietary patterns in reducing COVID-19 risk and/or severity in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies’. Clinical Nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 43 (7): 1657–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2024.05.033
  74. Pimentel, D., M. Whitecraft, Z.R. Scott, L. Zhao, P. Satkiewicz, T.J. Scott, J. Phillips, D. Szimak, G. Singh, D.O. Gonzalez and T.L. Moe. 2010. ‘Will limited land, water, and energy control human population numbers in the future?’ Human Ecology 38 (5): 599–611. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10745-010-9346-y
  75. Pinna Pintor, M., E. Fumagalli and M. Suhrcke. 2024. ‘The impact of health on labour market outcomes: A rapid systematic review’. Health Policy 143: 105057. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.healthpol.2024.105057
  76. Polimeni, J.M., K. Mayumi, M. Giampietro and B. Alcott. 2008. Jevons’ Paradox and the Myth of Resource Efficiency Improvements. Earthscan research editions. London: Earthscan.
  77. Pseiridis, A. 2012. ‘Hunger and the externalities of dietary preferences: Demand-side considerations of the current dietary paradigm’. South-Eastern Europe Journal of Economics 1–23.
  78. Rahmati, M., R. Fatemi, D.K. Yon, S.W. Lee, A. Koyanagi, J. Il Shin and L. Smith. 2023. ‘The effect of adherence to high-quality dietary pattern on COVID-19 outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis’. Journal of Medical Virology 95 (1): e28298. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.28298
  79. Rees, W. 2023. ‘Overshoot: Cognitive obsolescence and the population conundrum’. The Journal of Population and Sustainability 7 (1): 15–38. https://doi.org/10.3197/JPS.63799953906865
  80. Richardson, K., W. Steffen, W. Lucht, J. Bendtsen, S.E. Cornell, J.F. Donges, M. Drüke, I. Fetzer, G. Bala, W. von Bloh, G. Feulner, S. Fiedler, D. Gerten, T. Gleeson, M. Hofmann, W. Huiskamp, M. Kummu, C. Mohan, D. Nogués-Bravo, S. Petri, M. Porkka, S. Rahmstorf, S. Schaphoff, K. Thonicke, A. Tobian, V. Virkki, L. Wang-Erlandsson, L. Weber and J. Rockström. 2023. ‘Earth beyond six of nine planetary boundaries’. Science Advances 9 (37): eadh2458. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adh2458
  81. Rifkin, M.E. 2023. ‘Nutrition policy critical to optimize response to climate, public health crises’. Frontiers in Nutrition 10: 1118753. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2023.1118753
  82. Ripple, W.J., C. Wolf, J.W. Gregg, K. Levin, J. Rockström, T.M. Newsome, M.G. Betts, S. Huq, B.E. Law, L. Kemp, P. Kalmus and T.M. Lenton. 2022. ‘World scientists’ warning of a climate emergency 2022’. BioScience: biac083. https://doi.org/10.1093/biosci/biac083
  83. Rojanasarot, S., S.K. Bhattacharyya and N. Edwards. 2023. ‘Productivity loss and productivity loss costs to United States employers due to priority conditions: a systematic review’. Journal of Medical Economics 26 (1): 262–70. https://doi.org/10.1080/13696998.2023.2172282
  84. Roser, M. 2021. How much economic growth is necessary to reduce global poverty substantially? Our World in Data, 15 March.
  85. Sachs, J.D. 2019. ‘Financing universal health coverage in low-income countries’. The Global Governance Project. Online at https://www.globalgovernanceproject.org/financing-universal-health-coverage-in-low-income-countries/jeffrey-d-sachs/ (accessed 6 October 2023).
  86. Sachs, J.D., G. Lafortune and G. Fuller. 2024. The SDGs and the UN Summit of the Future. Sustainable Development Report 2024: The SDGs and the UN Summit of the Future. Dublin: Dublin University Press.
  87. Samways, D. 2022. ‘Population and sustainability: Reviewing the relationship Between population growth and environmental change’. The Journal of Population and Sustainability 6 (1): 15–41. https://doi.org/10.3197/JPS.63772239426891
  88. Scarborough, P., P. Bhatnagar, K.K. Wickramasinghe, S. Allender, C. Foster and M. Rayner. 2011. ‘The economic burden of ill health due to diet, physical inactivity, smoking, alcohol and obesity in the UK: an update to 2006-07 NHS costs’. Journal of Public Health 33 (4): 527–35. https://doi.org/10.1093/pubmed/fdr033
  89. Schlesier, H., M. Schäfer and H. Desing. 2024. ‘Measuring the Doughnut: A good life for all is possible within planetary boundaries’. Journal of Cleaner Production 448: 141447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.141447
  90. Schumpeter, J.A. 1943. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (with an introduction by Richard Swedberg, 5th ed. 1976). London: George Allen & Unwin.
  91. Springmann, M. 2020. Valuation of the Health and Climate-change Benefits of Healthy Diets. FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/cb1699en
  92. Springmann, M. 2024. ‘A multicriteria analysis of meat and milk alternatives from nutritional, health, environmental, and cost perspectives’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 121 (50): e2319010121. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2319010121
  93. Springmann, M., M. Clark, D. Mason-D’Croz, K. Wiebe, B.L. Bodirsky, L. Lassaletta, W. de Vries, S.J. Vermeulen, M. Herrero, K.M. Carlson, M. Jonell, M. Troell, F. DeClerck, L.J. Gordon, R. Zurayk, P. Scarborough, M. Rayner, B. Loken, J. Fanzo, H.C.J. Godfray, D. Tilman, J. Rockström and W. Willett. 2018. ‘Options for keeping the food system within environmental limits’. Nature 562 (7728): 519–25. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0594-0
  94. Springmann, M., M.A. Clark, M. Rayner, P. Scarborough and P. Webb. 2021. ‘The global and regional costs of healthy and sustainable dietary patterns: a modelling study’. The Lancet Planetary Health 5 (11): e797–e807. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2542-5196(21)00251-5
  95. Springmann, M. and F. Freund. 2022. ‘Options for reforming agricultural subsidies from health, climate, and economic perspectives’. Nature Communications 13 (1): https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27645-2
  96. Springmann, M., H.C.J. Godfray, M. Rayner and P. Scarborough. 2016. ‘Analysis and valuation of the health and climate change cobenefits of dietary change’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113 (15): 4146–51. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1523119113
  97. Springmann, M., D. Mason-D’Croz, S. Robinson, K. Wiebe, H.C.J. Godfray, M. Rayner and P. Scarborough. 2018. ‘Health-motivated taxes on red and processed meat: A modelling study on optimal tax levels and associated health impacts’. PLOS ONE 13 (11): e0204139. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0204139
  98. Statista. 2025. ‘Beauty & Personal Care – North America | Market Forecast’. Statista. Online at http://frontend.xmo.prod.aws.statista.com/outlook/cmo/beauty-personal-care/north-america (accessed 17 June 2025).
  99. Stephens, M. and D.J. Toohey. 2018. ‘The impact of health on labor market outcomes: Experimental evidence from MRFIT’. NBER Working Papers.
  100. Swinkels, J., T. van Tilburg, E. Verbakel and M. Broese van Groenou. 2019. ‘Explaining the gender gap in the caregiving burden of partner caregivers’. The Journals of Gerontology: Series B 74 (2): 309–17. https://doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gbx036
  101. Symeonides, C., E. Aromataris, Y. Mulders, J. Dizon, C. Stern, T.H. Barker, A. Whitehorn, D. Pollock, T. Marin and S. Dunlop. 2024. ‘An umbrella review of meta-analyses evaluating associations between human health and exposure to major classes of plastic-associated chemicals’. Annals of Global Health 90 (1). https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.4459
  102. Tan, C.J., S.Y.C. Yip, R.J. Chan, L. Chew and A. Chan. 2022. ‘Investigating how cancer-related symptoms influence work outcomes among cancer survivors: a systematic review’. Journal of Cancer Survivorship: Research and Practice 16 (5): 1065–78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11764-021-01097-5
  103. Tian, P., H. Zhong, X. Chen, K. Feng, L. Sun, N. Zhang, X. Shao, Y. Liu and K. Hubacek,. 2024. ‘Keeping the global consumption within the planetary boundaries’. Nature 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-024-08154-w
  104. Tomlinson, B., A.W. Torrance and W.J. Ripple,. 2024. ‘Scientists’ warning on technology’. Journal of Cleaner Production 434: 140074. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.140074
  105. UNEP and ILRI. 2020. Preventing the next Pandemic – Zoonotic Diseases and How to Break the Chain of Transmission. Nairobi: United Nations Environment Programme and International Lifestock Research Institute.
  106. Villarrubia-Gómez, P., B. Carney Almroth, M. Eriksen, M. Ryberg, M. and S.E. Cornell. 2024. ‘Plastics pollution exacerbates the impacts of all planetary boundaries’. One Earth. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2024.10.017
  107. WHO. 2021. Investing in Our Future: A Comprehensive Agenda for the Health and Well-Being of Children and Adolescents. 1st ed. Geneva: World Health Organization.
  108. WHO. 2022. How Together We Can Make the World’s Most Healthy and Sustainable Public Food Procurement. WHO Regional Office for Europe.
  109. Wiedmann, T., M. Lenzen, L.T. Keyßer and J.K.Steinberger. 2020. ‘Scientists’ warning on affluence’. Nature Communications 11 (1): 3107. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y
  110. World Commission on Environment and Development (ed). 1987. Our Common Future (The Brundtland Report). Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press.
  111. Wright, A., K.E. Smith and M. Hellowell. 2017. ‘Policy lessons from health taxes: a systematic review of empirical studies’. BMC Public Health 17 (1): 583. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4497-z
  112. Xiong, C., M. Biscardi, A. Astell, E. Nalder, J.I. Cameron, A. Mihailidis and A. Colantonio. 2020. ‘Sex and gender differences in caregiving burden experienced by family caregivers of persons with dementia: A systematic review’. PloS One 15 (4): e0231848. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0231848
  113. Yurekli, A., N. Nargis, M. Goodchild, C. Visaruthvong, S. Delipalla, E. Blecher, A.-M. Perucic, T.-W. Hu, A. Lee and F. Chaloupka. 2016 ‘Economics of tobacco control and health’. In World Scientific Handbook of Global Health Economics and Public Policy, pp. 191–283. World Scientific Series in Global Health Economics and Public Policy. https://doi.org/10.1142/9789813140516_0006
  114. Zhu, R., Z. Zhang, N. Zhang, H. Zhong, F. Zhou, X. Zhang, C. Liu, Y. Huang, Y. Yuan, Y. Wang, C. Li, H. Shi, M.C. Rillig, F. Dang, H. Ren, Y. Zhang and B. Xing. 2025. ‘A global estimate of multiecosystem photosynthesis losses under microplastic pollution’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 122 (11): e2423957122. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2423957122